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Discours de la méthode - Méditations métaphysiques

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Le Discours de la méthode est un texte philosophique publié anonymement par René Descartes à Leyde le 8 juin 1637. Ce discours marque une rupture avec la tradition scolastique, jugée trop « spéculative » par Descartes (sixième partie), et se présente plutôt comme un plaidoyer en faveur du progrès des techniques et pour une nouvelle fondation des sciences sur des bases plus solides. Il fut rédigé directement en français, langue vulgaire, Descartes voulant par là s'opposer à la tradition scolastique (qui avait pour habitude d'écrire en latin) et s'adresser à un public plus large que les savants et les théologiens.

Dans ce discours, Descartes expose son parcours intellectuel de façon rétrospective, depuis son regard critique porté sur les enseignements qu'il avait reçus à l'école, jusqu'à sa fondation d'une philos

Les Méditations métaphysiques (ou Méditations sur la philosophie première) sont une oeuvre philosophique de René Descartes, parue pour la première fois en latin en 1641. Du point de vue de l'histoire de la philosophie, elles constituent l'une des expressions les plus influentes du rationalisme classique.

Le titre original traduit en français de Méditations sur la philosophie première indique que cet ouvrage a été écrit en partie comme une critique de la philosophie première qui était alors enseignée dans les universités, mais aussi pour en proposer une nouvelle à la place. Il faut noter que, comme pour la plupart des ouvrages classiques au fil du temps, les Méditations ont reçu des interprétations très différentes.

Dans ses Méditations, Descartes soutient qu'en dépit des arguments sceptiques contre la vérité et la certitude, il y a des connaissances légitimes. Aussi, il présente l'homme comme ayant une substance essentiellement pensante (cogito), qui s'oppose à son corps, qui lui est une substance matérielle (voir dualisme de substance).


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