Military treatises have long fascinated readers, even those who are not military professionals, and people in other fields have long sought to apply the lessons learned in military treatises to other walks of life. As a result, an ancient Chinese writer who lived nearly 2,500 years ago remains one of the most famous authors in history thanks to his seminal work, The Art of War.
The Art of War is a relevant work in modern times despite the fact it’s unclear whether Sun Tzu was a real person. That said, modern historians believe the man did exist, and that the famous treatise was written for a Wu leader, whom Sun Tzu may have served as a general in the 5th or 6th century B.C. The military maxims are timeless precisely because they do not refer to any concrete time in history, but assuming Sun Tzu was real, his story is inseparable from the turbulent Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 B.C.) that disrupted the Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 B.C.). The ancient Zhou Dynasty’s central authority was dissolving as ambitious feudal lords battled for power and territory, so it was an age of shifting alliances, relentless warfare, and, paradoxically, philosophical awakening. In those chaotic days of profound change, Sun Tzu, a revolutionary military thinker, introduced ideas that transformed Chinese warfare and philosophy.
Sun Tzu’s most immediate accomplishment in his own era was the manner in which he changed how war was conducted. As a general and advisor to King Helü of Wu, Sun Tzu enforced rigorous discipline and used psychological tactics, teaching that “all warfare is based on deception.” In the same vein, he scorned chivalry and protracted wars as a waste of time and military personnel, embracing the concept that the best kind of battle was a battle of the mind in which no men fought and died. If that could not happen, the next best option was a swiftly concluded conflict. Despite being overwhelmingly outnumbered, Sun Tzu’s army triumphed over the rival kingdom of Chu.
