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Leviatán : o la materia, forma y poder de una república eclesiástica y civil

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Con su mirada sombría y realista, Leviatán se ha convertido en uno de los textos más importantes para entender la política occidental. Escrito en un tiempo convulso, durante la guerra civil inglesa, expone con crudeza la naturaleza del ser humano: egoísta, competitiva y siempre temerosa del mayor de los males, la muerte violenta.

En su estado natural, opina Hobbes, los hombres vivían en una condición anárquica, una guerra de todos contra todos por la supervivencia, sin una clara distinción entre la justicia y la injusticia. La vida, en esa situación primigenia, es «solitaria, pobre, desagradable, salvaje y corta», según la célebre formulación de Hobbes.

Pero, ¿qué permite al ser humano escapar de ese estado de desesperación? Un soberano poderoso, el Leviatán, cuyo gobierno sea consentido por la mayoría de los individuos, que le ceden parte de sus derechos y asumen su autoridad. El soberano puede ser un individuo (la fórmula predilecta de Hobbes es la monarquía) o una asamblea de individuos (un Parlamento), pero en cualquier caso el fin de su poder es acabar con la violencia ininterrumpida. La autoridad debe imponer un miedo que aplaque los peores instintos de los hombres y haga que estos teman el castigo debido al mal comportamiento.

La visión del mundo de Hobbes sorprendió a sus contemporáneos, su obra fue quemada en público y acusada de blasfemia. Pero su rechazo a percepciones más optimistas sobre el ser humano y la finalidad del poder dio paso al pensamiento político moderno y, siguiendo la tradición inaugurada por Maquiavelo, nos retó a ver las cosas tal como son, no como nos gustaría que fueran.



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