Käytännöllisen järjen kritiikki (1788) on Immanuel Kantin (1724-1804) moraaliopillinen pääteos: tutkimus moraaliperiaatteista ja moraalikäsitteistä. Siinä Kant käsittelee ihmisyyden perimmäisiä kysymyksiä tahdonvapaudesta, Jumalan olemassaolosta ja ikuisen elämän mahdollisuudesta sekä selvittää, mitä ihmisen on järkevää tavoitella elämässä. Kantin näkökulma moraaliin oli täysin uusi. Moraali ei perustu sen enempää Jumalan tahtoon kuin luonnossa tavattaviin ominaisuuksiinkaan, eivätkä toiminnan moraalisuutta mittaa sen enempää toiminnan hyödyllisyys kuin sen tuottama onnellisuuskaan. Kantin mukaan moraalinen toiminta perustuu oman järkemme säätämään moraalilakiin, ja moraalinen toiminta on velvollisuuden täyttämistä.
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