Jerusalem is one of the world’s oldest cities, with a history that stretches back thousands of years. Over the course of its existence, it has been invaded 52 times, seized and regained 44 times, besieged 23 times, and destroyed twice. The oldest portion of the city dates back to the 4th millennium BCE, making it not only a significant historical center but also a symbol of resilience and conflict. Its role in the ancient world has been central to the development of various cultures, religions, and empires that have passed through the region, contributing to its complex and contested history.

Given the city’s profound significance in both Israeli and Palestinian national identities, the interpretation of its long history is often influenced by ideological predispositions. For Israeli nationalists, the Jewish eras of Jerusalem’s past are paramount, as they claim continuity with the ancient Israelites and view their connection to the city as a fundamental part of their modern identity. This narrative emphasizes the city’s historical importance to the Jewish people, highlighting key moments such as the establishment of the First Temple and the city’s central role in Jewish religious and cultural life.