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Meditasjoner over filosofiens grunnlag

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René Descartes (1596¿1650) regnes som grunnleggeren av den moderne filosofi. Hans hovedverk er Meditationes de Prima Philosophia («Meditasjoner over filosofiens grunnlag»). Den ble utgitt på latin i 1641, men allerede seks år senere, i 1647, kom en oversettelse til fransk.

Descartes brøt med en lang tradisjon ved å gjøreerkjennelsesteorien til filosofiens grunnleggende disiplin. Hvor tidligere filosofer tok utgangspunkt i metafysikken for ¿ så å si fra Guds synsvinkel ¿ å redegjøre for virkeligheten, begynner Descartes med spørsmålet «hva kan jeg vite?» For å komme frem til ett eller flere enkle prinsipper som erkjennelsen kan bygge på, gjennomfører Descartes ved «metodisk tvil» en kritisk prøvning av sine sanseerfaringer og all sin erkjennelse. Han finner at alt kan betviles unntatt det faktum at det er tvil eller tenkning til stede og derfor også eksistensen av et tenkende vesen (cogito, ergo sum, «jeg tenker, altså er jeg»). Denne erkjennelse kan ikke rokkes av noen tvil, for enhver tvil bekrefter nettopp det man prøver å avvise.

Annet trinn etter cogito: Descartes finner i seg ideen om det fullkomne, overbevises derved om jegets begrensning og ledes til å anta at det er det fullkomne selv som må ha lagt ideen ned i ham.

Ved sin vekt på erkjennelsesspørsmålet og søken etter erkjennelsens fundament har Descartes innledet en kritisk, rasjonalistisk vending i europeisk tenkning som fikk sin umiddelbare forlengelse i Kants filosofi i det 18. århundre og i Husserls fenomenologi i det 20.



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