The Mughal Empire, also referred to as the Mogul or Moghul Empire, was one of the most powerful and influential early modern Islamic empires in South Asia. Established in the 16th century, it controlled vast regions for over two centuries, encompassing territories from the peripheries of the Indus basin in the west, extending to northern Afghanistan, Kashmir in the north, present-day Bangladesh in the east, and stretching as far south as the Deccan Plateau's uplands.
The origins of the Mughal Empire trace back to 1526 when Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is now Uzbekistan, founded the empire. Babur's military strategy combined traditional cavalry tactics with the latest artillery techniques, using matchlock guns and cast cannons acquired with Ottoman assistance. These advancements, alongside his strategic acumen, led him to a decisive victory against the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, at the First Battle of Panipat. This battle marked a turning point, allowing Babur to establish his dominance over northern India and subdue rival Rajput and Afghan forces.
While Babur laid the foundation of the empire, the true structure of the Mughal state is often attributed to his grandson, Akbar the Great. By the late 16th century, under Akbar's rule, the empire expanded its reach and established a well-organized imperial administration that laid the groundwork for political stability, cultural integration, and economic prosperity. Akbar's reign is particularly noted for promoting a policy of religious tolerance, encouraging a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim cultures, and setting up an efficient centralized bureaucracy.