Modern perceptions of Classical Greece are almost invariably based on Athens and Sparta, but the city-state of Thebes was also a key player in the history of the region during that period, and by the 4th century B.C., Thebes was the major power in Greece for many of the years preceding the emergence of Macedon. The reasons for so little being known about Thebes and its contributions to ancient Greek civilization are complex, but the fact that it was totally destroyed by Alexander the Great is certainly one. Those points notwithstanding, Thebes was an important city-state, served as the scene of many of the great myths of Greece, and developed a reputation for military might and tactical genius that was well-deserved. Thebes’ rise and fall are subjects well worthy of study, and ones that provide invaluable insights into how ancient Greek politics worked, especially in relation to the constantly changing pattern of alliances. Thebes also provided inspirational stories of individual and group heroism in the face of huge odds.

At the center of it all was a general and statesman who changed the face of Greece on the battlefield and off of it, revolutionizing ancient warfare in the process. Over the course of a little more than a decade, Epaminondas shattered Spartan military dominance, liberated entire populations from centuries of slavery, and transformed his homeland from a regional power to a powerhouse at the center of Greek affairs. His victories ushered in a new era that altered the balance of power that had long defined Greece, and he established a new political order that, while short-lived, drastically reshaped the region. In fact, Epaminondas’ military lessons were passed down to a Macedonian noble who was held as a hostage in Thebes through his childhood: Philip II of Macedon, who initiated the rise of the Macedonian kingdom that his son Alexander would turn into the largest empire the world had ever seen.