The lion’s share of the credit for Sparta’s victory in the Peloponnesian War went to Lysander, born to a father named Aristocritus and a family claiming descent from the demigod Hercules despite modest means that reportedly forced them to rely on the generosity of wealthier patrons during Lysander’s military training. Eventually, Lysander rose through Sparta's rigid military system to command its fleet at the exact moment the 27-year war against Athens had ground both sides toward exhaustion. Plutarch, whose biography remains the fullest surviving account of Lysanders career, emphasized that the wily Spartan admiral relied on deceit as much as martial ability, weighing justice and falsehood alike only by whichever proved most useful at any given time.
Regardless of how he managed it, Lysander scored one of the most important victories in Greek history at the Battle of Aegospotami in 405 B.C., where his navy caught the Athenian fleet beached and unprepared along the shore of the Hellespont and destroyed it in a single afternoon. That decisive victory all but ended Athens' capacity to wage war at sea and, within a year, brought the entire Peloponnesian War to a close on terms dictated almost entirely by Sparta. Athens itself, starved into submission by the naval blockade Lysander's victory made possible, watched its long walls torn down to the sound of flute-girls playing what the victors called a celebration of freedom for the Greek world.
However, Sparta would find it much more difficult to win the peace. Lysander oversaw the installation of an oligarchic council of 30 Athenian citizens, remembered ever after as the Thirty Tyrants, whose brief and bloody rule over their own people left a stain on Sparta's reputation for decades. Across the region, Lysander applied the same method to city after city, dismantling the democratic and pro-Athenian governments the war had left behind and replacing them with narrow councils of 10 men apiece.
