De sa nature et de son enfance, où il reçut une éducation très sévère, Martin Luther avait contracté une attitude craintive vis-à-vis de Dieu, qu'il imaginait constamment en colère contre ses péchés. Devenu moine, ses angoisses religieuses s'accrurent jusqu'à l'amener au voisinage de la folie et du tombeau. Enfin brilla sur lui la grande vérité centrale de la Bible, celle qui fut à la base de la Réforme : La justification de l'homme auprès de Dieu, s'obtient par la foi seule, sans que ses oeuvres y apportent aucune contribution. Toute l'exégèse de Luther restera marquée par l'expérience dramatique de cette révélation ; ainsi c'est spontanément, que dans le psaume 51, il s'identifie avec David, roi adultère et assassin, mais pécheur brisé et repentant, qui ne plaide que la pure miséricorde de Dieu. La foi des croyants de l'Ancienne alliance se portait sur le Messie à venir, celle de ceux de la Nouvelle regarde au Messie déjà venu : Jésus-Christ ; les uns et les autres sont donc sauvés par lui de la même manière. Composé en latin en 1532, imprimé en 1545, ce livre du Réformateur sur le Psaume de la repentance de David n'est pas à proprement parler un Commentaire : il va au-delà du texte, en appliquant de manière spirituelle les pensées du psalmiste à la vie chrétienne. Luther explique l'Écriture comme il prêche, son Explication du Psaume 51, est en somme une collection de vingt sermons portant sur chacun des versets. Jean-Frédéric Nardin (1687-1728), qui l'a traduit en français, a été un prédicateur piétiste remarquable du pays de Montbéliard. La traduction du Psaume figurant en tête est de Armand de Mestral (1815-1873), pasteur suisse ; celle placée à la fin, et en vers, de Clément Marot (1496-1544), fameux poète de la cour de Marguerite de Navarre. ette reproduction ThéoTeX reprend le texte de l'édition de 1842.
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