It has been famously pointed out that the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, but it was also not an empire in the sense people expect when hearing the term. In theory, the emperor was the highest prince in Christendom, and his dominion extended the length and breadth of Western Europe. The tensions between the Holy Roman Empire and Church over the power to invest bishops with authority led to decades of civil war in Germany on the way to establishing the relationship between Church and State, elevating the status of the papacy and weakening the Holy Roman Empire.
The Thirty Years' War was one of the most horrific conflicts in history, resulting in the deaths of nearly two-thirds of Germany's population, and the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 was the first major battle of that war. The battle was fought mainly due to Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II’s dealings with the Bohemians and their new king, Frederick of the Palatinate, who Ferdinand regarded as illegitimate. It was also partly a struggle between the centralizing attempts of the Habsburg dynasty conflicting with the traditional regional autonomy that existed within the legislative institutions called the Estates. What gave it an emotional element was the enmity between Bohemian Protestantism and Ferdinand II’s zealous Catholicism, and that would help draw in several European powers. At the Battle of White Mountain, the armies of the Bohemian Confederation and the Habsburgs met each other near Prague, and the combatants included officers and soldiers from nearly every nation in Europe, including the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Bavaria, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Transylvania, England, Scotland, and Ireland. The decisive result would permanently affect the course of the conflict over the coming decades, and with it the fate of modern Europe.
